So-called encryption wars are nothing new. The debate over government and law enforcement access to encrypted material is rightly headline news today, but it's a battle that’s been fought time and ...

Edward Hebern of California designed this rotor for a cipher machine. Commercial rotary cipher machines would be introduced in the 1920s and 1930s for commercial purposes by several people in several ...

IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. Visit the IIIF page to learn more. Edward Hebern of California designed ...

The release of the film, The Imitation Game, about the life and work of Alan Turing, inspired the Guardian to publish this description of how the German encryption device worked—and why, like all good ...